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German officials transported the Jews from the Warsaw and Radom districts of the Generalgouvernement and from the Bialystok administrative district to Treblinka 2, where SS and police officials murdered them. Most Jews deported to Sobibor came from the Lublin District but German authorities also transported French and Dutch Jews to Sobibor in spring and summer 1943 and small groups of Soviet Jews from Belorussian and Lithuanian ghettos in late summer 1943.
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The principal victims at Belzec were Jews from southern and southeastern Poland, but also Jews deported from the so-called Greater German Reich (Germany, Austria, the Sudetenland, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) to District Lublin between October 1941 and the end of summer 1942. SS and police authorities in the Lublin District of the Generalgouvernement (that part of German-occupied Poland not directly annexed to Germany, attached to German East Prussia, or incorporated into the German-occupied Soviet Union) managed and coordinated the deportations to Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka within the framework of “ Operation Reinhard.” The Victims Armed police guards accompanied the transports they had orders to shoot anyone who tried to escape.īetween December 1941 and July 1942, the SS and police officials established five killing centers in German-occupied Poland: Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka 2 (Treblinka 1 was a forced-labor camp for Jews), and Auschwitz-Birkenau, also known as Auschwitz II. Lacking food and water, many of the deportees died before the trains reached their destinations. The stench of urine and excrement added to the humiliation and suffering of the deportees. Aside from a bucket, there was no sanitary facility. Packed in sealed freight cars and suffering from overcrowding, they endured intense heat during the summer and freezing temperatures during the winter. German authorities generally did not give the deportees food or water for the journey, even when they had to wait for days on railroad spurs for other trains to pass. German railroad officials used both freight and passenger cars for the deportations. They sought to portray the deportations as a "resettlement" of the Jewish population in labor camps in the "East." In reality, the "resettlement" in the "East" became a euphemism for transport to the killing centers and mass murder. The Germans attempted to disguise their intentions. The Foreign Office negotiated with Germany's Axis partners over the transfer of their Jewish citizens to German custody. Working with department IV B 4 of the RSHA commanded by SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann, the Ministry of Transportation coordinated train schedules. The Order Police, often reinforced by local auxiliaries or collaborators in occupied territories, rounded up and transported the Jews to the killing centers. The RSHA or regional SS and police leaders coordinated and often directed the deportations.
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The participants of the conference estimated that the "Final Solution" would involve the deportation and murder of 11 million Jews, including Jewish residents of nations outside German control, such as Ireland, Sweden, Turkey, and Great Britain.ĭeportations on this scale required the coordination of numerous German government agencies including the Reich Security Main Office ( Reichssicherheitshauptamt-RSHA), the Main Office of the Order Police, the Ministry of Transportation, and the Foreign Office. Officials Coordinate Mass Transport by TrainĪt the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942, held near Berlin, SS, Nazi Party, and German state officials met to coordinate the deportation of European Jews to killing centers (also known as “extermination camps”) already in operation or under construction in German-occupied Poland. Once they had begun to methodically kill Jews in specially constructed killing centers, German officials deported Jews to these facilities by train or, when trains were not available or the distances were short, by truck or on foot. The German authorities used rail systems across the continent to transport, or deport, Jews from their homes, primarily to eastern Europe. In 1941, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the " Final Solution," the systematic mass murder of European Jewry. The Nazi regime used rail transport as one method to forcibly rearrange the ethnic composition of eastern Europe within the framework of World War II.